2nd InnoTrip to Scotland

Knowledge InnoTrips

2nd InnoTrip to Scotland

From May 20th to 23rd, 2024, the 2nd InnoTrip organized by the iSocial Foundation took place in Scotland, with the support of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Open Government of the Government of Catalonia. For three days, around thirty representatives from iSocial member entities visited 10 innovative Scottish initiatives in the field of social action

The InnoTrip is a service provided by the iSocial Foundation aimed at its member entities, consisting of an international study visit to promote innovation through the on-site discovery of cutting-edge experiences in the field of social action. In it’s 2024 edition, the Innotrip took place from May 20th to 23rd in Scotland.

The program of activities for this edition includee the discovery of innovative organizations and projects through visits of various formats to non-profit entities, social enterprises, and Scottish government agencies. Among other benefits of participating in the InnoTrip, the participants had the chance to discover new ways to address common social issues, to create potential international synergies, and to strengthen relationships with other iSocial member entities.

The Scottish system of social services and care is internationally recognized for promoting the implementation of different models and innovative initiatives. Examples include the integration of health and social care, the self-directed support model, community building, and preventive approaches.

In addition, iSocial member organizations did identify and showed interest in discovering specific organizations and initiatives in the Scottish social ecosystem, with a special focus on areas such as social housing, community development, support for independent living, and socio-labor inclusion.

Visit program

  • Quarriers: Self-directed support model and use of digital tools for independent living support.
  • Simon Community: Access Hub (multi-institutional counseling and support center for homeless and/or socially excluded people), digital tools, and Housing First model.
  • Aberlour: Integrated healthcare and social care services and intensive family support model.
  • Social Bite: Social enterprise model and social awareness resources.
  • Kibble: Comprehensive care approach (housing, training, and employment) and social enterprise model.
  • Homes For Good: Quality housing through affordable rentals. Property acquisition and tenant support.

Amb el suport de

Generalitat de Catalunya. Secretaria d'Acció Exterior del Govern

Tools and services to address cyberbullying and other youth vulnerabilities in the digital environment

Campus InnoBreaks

Tools and services to address cyberbullying and other youth vulnerabilities in the digital environment

Eines i serveis per detectar el ciberassetjament

Digital Streetwork (Germany) and B-resol (Catalonia). Held on April 9th, 2024.

Digital environments open spaces of connection and valuable exchange opportunities, but at the same time, they harbor new forms of vulnerability, especially for young people. The most visible forms of these vulnerabilities are cyberbullying and digital violence, which according to UNESCO data, affect nearly 20% of the young population. However, other issues are gaining more prominence, such as screen addiction, digital predation, or privacy breaches. This reality not only affects the emotional and psychological well-being of young people but can also have lasting repercussions on their personal and academic development.

In this context, the need for new forms of intervention and support becomes evident. The widespread adoption of new communication technologies has profoundly altered interaction and socialization patterns, imposing the urgency to adapt professional practices to these new contexts. In this sense, social work, and more specifically virtual social work, plays a key role in creating safe spaces where young people can report aggression and undesirable situations and receive professional support to address them properly.

In this Innobreak, two initiatives will be presented that respond to vulnerabilities emerging in digital environments from two complementary perspectives, adopting in one case the role of detection service and approach to young people in need of support, and in the other defining an alert channel for teenagers:

  • Digital Streetwork (Germany) brings the street work approach with young people to the Internet. Project workers navigate social networks, participate in online communities, and actively approach young people who indicate or show support needs.
  • B-resol is a digital omnichannel alert system that educational, leisure, sports, social entities, and protection centers make available to children and adolescents to prevent and detect bullying situations and any other type of violence or discomfort.

Speakers:

  • Jonas Luz, Digital Streetwork (Germany)
  • Cihara Vílchez, B-resol (Catalonia)

Solidigital

Imatge d'una mà sostenint un mòbil on s'hi veu la Soliguia, una de les eines tecnològiques involucrades en el projecte Solidigital
Logotipo POCTEFA RGB

Solidigital is a cross-border collaboration project centered around three technological tools to support people in vulnerable situations: Soliguia, Nidus, and Reconnect

(2024-2026)

Solidigital is a cross-border project coordinated by the iSocial Foundation aimed at enhancing, through digitalization, access to social services for vulnerable people in Catalonia, Andorra, and the south of France.

The Solidigital project stems from the collaboration between iSocial and the French associations Solinum and Reconnect, with the Andorra Research + Innovation Foundation (ARI), and with the member entities of iSocial Pere Claver Group, Resilis Foundation, and Alba Association, thanks to co-financing from the European Union through the Interreg POCTEFA program.

What is Solidigital about?

The central axis of Solidigital will involve the implementation in Catalonia, Andorra, and the border departments of France of Soliguia, a digital platform that will allow people in precarious situations to more easily find available support services in their geographic area through a search engine and a map containing geolocated resources.

To achieve this goal, during the three years of the project, a wide range of support services will be mapped in these regions, and nearly 8,000 social services and third sector professionals will be trained in the use of this tool to facilitate access to information for vulnerable people and, thereby, promote equal opportunities and empowerment.

Integration of Soliguia with Nidus and Reconnect

At the same time, and by virtue of cross-border collaboration between the various entities, the integration of Soliguia with Nidus (in Catalonia) and with Reconnect (in France) will be promoted. Nidus and Reconnect are two virtual strongboxes and digital support tools for people in situations of social exclusion. Through their connection with Soliguia, these applications will also be able to offer an updated and detailed map of the resources and services available to the user, facilitating their social inclusion.

The Soligital project builds on the successful experience of Soliguide in much of France. Developed by Solinum, a project partner, this application has proven to be a highly effective tool in combating poverty and social exclusion, with over 3.7 million visits in 2023 and has been recognized by the social sector and French institutions. With its arrival in Catalonia, Andorra, and the border regions of France, we not only address common challenges in a set of territories with a high incidence of poverty, but also create for the first time a common working tool on both sides of the border.

Solidigital in figures

Leads:

Fundació iSocial

Partners:

logo Solinum
Logo Pere Claver grup
logo resilis
logo associaci´po Alba
Logo Reconnect
Logo Andorra Recerca Innovacio ARI

The Solidigital project has been 65% co-financed by the European Union through the Interreg VI-A Spain-France-Andorra Program (POCTEFA 2021-2027). The objective of POCTEFA is to strengthen the economic and social integration of the Spain-France-Andorra border area.

Logotipo POCTEFA RGB

The Solidigital project kicks off with a dual opening session of partner organizations in Barcelona

Publications News

The Solidigital project kicks off with a dual opening session of partner organizations in Barcelona

Kick-off of the Solidigital project

The iSocial Foundation hosts partner entities of Solidigital, a cross-border project to be developed in Catalonia, France, and Andorra.

On February 7th and 8th, the inaugural sessions of Solidigital took place at the headquarters of the iSocial Foundation in Barcelona. This cross-border project aims to facilitate access to social and solidarity resources through digitalization for people in vulnerable situations. Led by iSocial and enrolled in the framework of the European Interreg POCTEFA program, the project involves collaboration among entities from Catalonia, France, and Andorra: Pere Claver Grup, Associació Alba, la Fundació Resilis from Catalonia, Solinum and Reconnect from France, and Andorra Research and Innovation (ARI).

Solidigital revolves around three technological tools: Soliguia, a geolocated resource finder already existing in France and now to be replicated in Catalonia; the virtual safe Nidus, developed by iSocial and Pere Claver Group; and Reconnect, another virtual safe for homeless people operating in France. Over the 3-year duration of the project, efforts will focus on the development and interconnection of the three tools, integrating Soliguia into Nidus and Reconnect, and making the latter two applications interoperable as well.

In Catalonia, the entities involved in the project will work with Solinum to jointly create Soliguia. The process will involve intensive mapping to geolocate all social resources in each area (food or clothing distribution points, vaccination, psychological care, accommodation for vulnerable people, etc.) and collect as detailed information as possible. During the initial stage of the project, more than 5,000 resources are expected to be mapped, but the ultimate goal is to include the totality or near totality of available resources in the territories where it will be deployed.

Moreover, thanks to the interconnection of the three apps, the resulting resource map can be accessed from Nidus and Reconnect. All three tools will form a comprehensive digital ecosystem, enabling easier and more efficient access to social services for users.

The project also envisages training nearly 8,000 professionals in the social sector in the use of the three tools to achieve better performance and ensure real impact on the people supported by these professionals.

El projecte també preveu formar prop de 8.000 professionals del sector social en l’ús dels tres útils, per tal de poder-ne aconseguir un millor rendiment i assegurar-ne un impacte real en les persones acompanyades per aquests professionals.

This inaugural session marks the start of a fruitful collaboration that will allow us to work towards favoring and providing tools for the empowerment of people in vulnerable situations.

Actualitat

Rehab-Lab meeting in Liège

iSocial and CIM-UPC Participate in the Annual Rehab-Lab Network Meeting in Belgium

A total of 55 entities from the Rehab-Lab network gathered in Liège to share their knowledge and experiences
Care4Skills

iSocial participates in the kick-off meeting of the Care4Skills project in Brussels

Last Thursday, May 23rd, we attended the kick-off meeting of the Care4Skills project in Brussels, organized by the EASPD (European Association of Service Providers for Persons with Disabilities), the entity leading the initiative.
Arranquen els tallers participatius de

The participatory workshops of the All By Myself project begin

This May, we inaugurated the first participatory workshops included in the research process of the All By Myself project, coordinated by the iSocial Foundation and supported by the Department of Social Rights of the Generalitat de Catalunya.
Flapp

23 social entities have been trained to use Flapp! and Nidus

Flapp! and Nidus, the two virtual safes created by the iSocial Foundation in collaboration with Pere Claver Group, are consolidating with the training offered so far to 23 entities.
I Jornada Serveis Socials

The iSocial Foundation participates in the First Social Services Conference

iSocial has presented Nidus, a digital tool to support people experiencing homelessness, promoted jointly with the Pere Claver Group
Vincles Caixaforum Lleida

iSocial presents Vincles at the Caixaforum in Lleida

Vincles, an initiative aimed at combating unwanted loneliness, is part of the projects approved by the La Caixa Foundation in the 2024 call.

Guide to Digital Transformation: A Vision from the Children’s Social Sector

Knowledge Research projects

Guide to Digital Transformation: A Vision from the Children’s Social Sector

Preparation of a report for FICE Spain on the state of digital innovation in the field of social intervention and a collection of best practices (2023)

(2023)

The digital revolution has brought about a process of change that has had – and is having – a significant impact on our society. Historically, technical advances have always led to new ways of thinking, working, and relating to the world and others. However, the acceleration in technological transformation experienced in the 21st century has made it evident the need to adapt quickly and constantly to these new ways of doing things. In this sense, we are facing a paradigm shift that permeates all aspects of our lives, from interpersonal relationships to consumption patterns, and from leisure activities to the way we work.

This transformation we are experiencing highlights the obsolescence of some procedures that we still use but are highly inefficient, and it sparks debates about the enormous possibilities of technology, its proper implementation in our daily lives, and its ethical limits. On the other hand, it reminds us that technology is not always necessarily synonymous with innovation, although, when used correctly, it is an invaluable tool for generating knowledge and optimizing processes.

What is clear, in any case, is that the digital transformation of organizations will be a key factor for their development in the coming years. And this is also true in the field of the third sector and social intervention, where technology can ensure better care, monitoring, management, and communication with the people served.

In this context, FICE Spain, a network of social organizations working to guarantee the rights of children and for the care of at-risk children, has commissioned the iSocial Foundation to develop a guide on technological innovation in the field of social intervention. The resulting document, which focuses especially (though not exclusively) on social organizations dedicated to children and adolescents, is titled “Guide to Digital Transformation: A Vision from the Children’s Social Sector” and aims to offer useful tools and clear guidelines to promote innovation in the third sector. This guide is part of the TIC Impulsa 3 proposal, a digital transformation project in the social field promoted by FICE Spain and financed by the Ministry of Social Rights and Agenda 2030 and the European Union through Next Generation funds.

Promotes

logo fice spain

Digitalizing Social Services: Apps Supporting Users and Professionals

Campus InnoBreaks

Digitalizing Social Services: Apps Supporting Users and Professionals

Innobreak - Digitalitzar els serveis socials

Reconnect (France) and Gàvius (Catalonia). Held on 6th February, 2024.

Digitization has transformed the world and relationships between people, affecting all aspects of our lives. The numerous tools offered by new technologies have become instruments that significantly facilitate our tasks and have become almost indispensable in daily life.

Gradually, this transformative trend is also reaching social services. In this field, where efficiency and speed in communications between professionals and the people supported are a key factor, digital media provide users with very useful resources and offer very effective monitoring tools for social services.

In this Innobreak, we will explore two initiatives and applications that put technology at the service of professionals and beneficiaries of social services:

  • Reconnect (France), through its Solution Pro tool, allows social services professionals to centrally monitor the social integration processes of the people supported, consulting their history, recording meeting reports, scheduling reminders, etc.
  • Gavius (Catalonia), a project promoted by the Catalan municipalities of Gavà and Mataró, together with other partners. Gavius consists in the implementation of an intelligent virtual assistant that helps citizens with assistance procedures. It recognizes users based on biometric factors and automates processes and aid collection.

Speakers:

  • Valentine de Dreuille, Reconnect (France)
  • Mònica Sagredo, Gàvius (Catalonia)

The iSocial Foundation presents its Guide for Digital Transformation in Entities at the SocialDigital Conference of FICE.

Publications News

The iSocial Foundation presents its Guide for Digital Transformation in Entities at the SocialDigital Conference of FICE.

, ,
Presentacio guia FICE

FICE, a network of social organizations that focuses on advocating for children’s rights, commissioned iSocial to create a guide to promote technological innovation in the third social sector

On November 24th, the SocialDigital conference – Transforming Lives took place at the Cibernàrium auditorium, bringing together experts and entities from the third sector to reflect on how new technologies can contribute to the development of the social sector.

The event was organized by FICE Spain, a network of social organizations specializing in the defense of children’s rights, with the participation of two iSocial member entities: the private foundation Resilis and the Basque cooperative Agintzari.

The highlight of the event was the presentation of the “Guide for Digital Transformation. A Vision from the Social Sector of Childhood,” commissioned by FICE to the iSocial Foundation as part of the TIC Impulsa 3 digital transformation project, a state initiative coordinated by FICE Spain and funded by the Ministry of Social Rights and Agenda 2030 through NextGeneration funds.

Among other content, the guide analyzes what digital transformation is and its implications for the third social sector. It reflects on the specificity of digital transformation in the field of childhood, discusses some challenges and opportunities, and proposes 20 examples of best practices that can help define paths to follow. The guide also includes a questionnaire that allows organizations to self-assess their level of digital transformation, providing recommendations based on the results obtained.

For those interested in the guide, it can be consulted in the research section of our website.

During the FICE-driven event, several inspiring practices of digital transformation with a social perspective were also presented. In this context, there was a presentation of Flapp!, our digital tool for accompanying adolescents and young people with emancipation needs, co-designed participatively with more than 120 young people. Flapp! is the result of a project led by iSocial and funded by the Government of Catalonia and the La Caixa Foundation, with the participation of the Idea Foundation, Pere Claver Group, Resilis, the University of Barcelona and Punt de Referència as partners, and Alba Jussà and the Open University of Catalonia as collaborators.

Actualitat

Rehab-Lab meeting in Liège

iSocial and CIM-UPC Participate in the Annual Rehab-Lab Network Meeting in Belgium

A total of 55 entities from the Rehab-Lab network gathered in Liège to share their knowledge and experiences
Care4Skills

iSocial participates in the kick-off meeting of the Care4Skills project in Brussels

Last Thursday, May 23rd, we attended the kick-off meeting of the Care4Skills project in Brussels, organized by the EASPD (European Association of Service Providers for Persons with Disabilities), the entity leading the initiative.
Arranquen els tallers participatius de

The participatory workshops of the All By Myself project begin

This May, we inaugurated the first participatory workshops included in the research process of the All By Myself project, coordinated by the iSocial Foundation and supported by the Department of Social Rights of the Generalitat de Catalunya.
Flapp

23 social entities have been trained to use Flapp! and Nidus

Flapp! and Nidus, the two virtual safes created by the iSocial Foundation in collaboration with Pere Claver Group, are consolidating with the training offered so far to 23 entities.
I Jornada Serveis Socials

The iSocial Foundation participates in the First Social Services Conference

iSocial has presented Nidus, a digital tool to support people experiencing homelessness, promoted jointly with the Pere Claver Group
Vincles Caixaforum Lleida

iSocial presents Vincles at the Caixaforum in Lleida

Vincles, an initiative aimed at combating unwanted loneliness, is part of the projects approved by the La Caixa Foundation in the 2024 call.

E-Fabrik, innovative and solidarity solutions for people with disabilities

Publications Bank of innovations

E-Fabrik, innovative and solidarity solutions for people with disabilities

Hàbitat3 

Projecte e-Fabrik - Joves col·laboren amb persones amb discapacitat per crear ajuts funcionals

An innovative initiative that brings together young people and individuals with disabilities in a creative community with the aim of jointly conceiving and manufacturing tangible solutions to address the challenges faced by people with disabilities in their daily lives.

Through the E-Fabrik program, which is free for all participants, young people and individuals with disabilities learn to use digital fabrication tools, such as 3D printers and laser cutters, and become familiar with the spaces where they can find them. The goal is for them to acquire new skills in the use of emerging digital technologies. Using the FabLab concept, pairs or teams are formed consisting of young people and individuals with disabilities who work together to find solutions to everyday problems and create practical solutions to improve the quality of life for people with disabilities. Participants receive a budget of approximately €150 to develop and produce their specific solution.

The project unfolds through courses, educational programs of 20 half-days, and a 5-month vocational training course. In all of them, active solidarity among project participants is encouraged, allowing them to reclaim technology and use it for specific and meaningful purposes.

On the other hand, the program actively works to connect spaces and platforms of technological and digital creativity with structures dedicated to young people and individuals with disabilities. Thus, E-Fabrik not only offers the opportunity to create concrete solutions but also seeks to create bonds and partnerships with local structures.

Bank of innovations

Kloosiv

Kloosiv, technology and social intervention to ensure social inclusion in access to housing

Kloosiv is a web platform that promotes social inclusion in housing to combat speculation and unwanted loneliness.
STOP

STOP, artificial intelligence to prevent suicide

STOP és un projecte de recerca per prevenir el suïcidi a través d’intel·ligència artificial aplicada a les xarxes socials
Imatges Posts Web 64 min 2

NaviLens, a code system that guides individuals with visual impairments in public spaces

NaviLens is a code system with relevant information about public spaces to increase the autonomy of people with visual impairments.
Mentegram

Mentegram, therapeutic monitoring of patients in mental health treatment

Mentegram is a tool that allows evaluating and monitoring the daily behavior of individuals in therapeutic treatment.
Pycipedia

Pycipedia, collaborative platform for social workers specialized in parenting with intellectual disabilities

Pycipedia is a web platform for social workers specialized in supporting parents with intellectual disabilities.
Mapathon

Mapathon UPC, a web platform that gathers geolocated points on a map

Mapathon UPC is an open web platform that allows for the collection of geolocated points on a map collaboratively.

The iSocial Foundation awards the GrausTIC Prize for Social Integration through Digitalization to the Audivers 360º project, promoted by the ACAPPS association

Publications News

The iSocial Foundation awards the GrausTIC Prize for Social Integration through Digitalization to the Audivers 360º project, promoted by the ACAPPS association

Premis GrausTIC

The iSocial Foundation has participated in the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Day, where the immersive speech therapy project Audivers 360º has received an award.

On November 17th, the iSocial Foundation participated as a sponsor in the GrausTIC Awards 2023, in the category of the GrausTIC Award for Social Integration through Digitalization. This category aims to highlight and celebrate initiatives that have significantly contributed to social integration through new technologies.

This year, the award for Social Integration through Digitalization was granted to the Audivers 360º project, driven by the ACAPPS association, a pioneering initiative in immersive speech therapy designed for children and adults with hearing loss.

The awards presented during the event recognize excellence and innovation in the use and promotion of ICT to improve efficiency and social responsibility in the community. The objective is to showcase technological innovation in Catalonia. The ceremony took place within the framework of the Information and Communication Technologies (TIC) Day.

In the GrausTIC Award for Social Integration through Digitalization, sponsored by the iSocial Foundation, we aim to acknowledge companies, organizations, and institutions that, over the past year, have exceptionally contributed to social inclusion through technology. This includes promoting universal accessibility in their products, services, projects, or activities and creating innovative digital tools for the integration of individuals and vulnerable groups.

Actualitat

Rehab-Lab meeting in Liège

iSocial and CIM-UPC Participate in the Annual Rehab-Lab Network Meeting in Belgium

A total of 55 entities from the Rehab-Lab network gathered in Liège to share their knowledge and experiences
Care4Skills

iSocial participates in the kick-off meeting of the Care4Skills project in Brussels

Last Thursday, May 23rd, we attended the kick-off meeting of the Care4Skills project in Brussels, organized by the EASPD (European Association of Service Providers for Persons with Disabilities), the entity leading the initiative.
Arranquen els tallers participatius de

The participatory workshops of the All By Myself project begin

This May, we inaugurated the first participatory workshops included in the research process of the All By Myself project, coordinated by the iSocial Foundation and supported by the Department of Social Rights of the Generalitat de Catalunya.
Flapp

23 social entities have been trained to use Flapp! and Nidus

Flapp! and Nidus, the two virtual safes created by the iSocial Foundation in collaboration with Pere Claver Group, are consolidating with the training offered so far to 23 entities.
I Jornada Serveis Socials

The iSocial Foundation participates in the First Social Services Conference

iSocial has presented Nidus, a digital tool to support people experiencing homelessness, promoted jointly with the Pere Claver Group
Vincles Caixaforum Lleida

iSocial presents Vincles at the Caixaforum in Lleida

Vincles, an initiative aimed at combating unwanted loneliness, is part of the projects approved by the La Caixa Foundation in the 2024 call.

Llar Casa Bloc, Social Housing and Support for Empowering Individuals in Vulnerable Situations

Publications Bank of innovations

Llar Casa Bloc, Social Housing and Support for Empowering Individuals in Vulnerable Situations

Hàbitat3 

Imatge d'una resident dels habitatges socials de Llar Casa Bloc a l'entrada de l'edifici.

Project for the Promotion and subsequent management of 17 inclusive social housing units (social rent with support for individuals), jointly managed with Third Sector social organizations.

Access to housing is a fundamental element in ensuring the dignity of individuals and enabling their development. Nevertheless, many members of the community are living in insecure or inadequate housing conditions, or find themselves homeless or facing eviction, making them highly vulnerable. These circumstances not only directly impact their quality of life but also hinder their ability to secure employment, education, and social integration.

Llar Casa Bloc aims to address these challenges and provide a robust response for individuals in vulnerable situations. In the first phase, which began in 2020, the project, led by Hàbitat 3, initiated the rehabilitation of the renowned social housing complex Casa Bloc, designed by the pioneering architects of GATPAC in the 30s. In the second phase, ongoing since 2021, the 17 social housing units have been allocated to individuals in situations of high vulnerability, who are supported by specialized social support teams from various organizations, ensuring a proper process of social inclusion.

Currently, around forty individuals with diverse circumstances and needs reside in Llar Casa Bloc, including people evicted and referred by the Emergency Services Table of the Barcelona City Council, women who have experienced situations of gender-based violence, individuals with mental health issues or intellectual disabilities, and those with physical disabilities. All of them pay rent according to their income level and are supported by the respective organizations.

Furthermore, the building features technological measures to ensure a reduction in the digital divide and energy empowerment, such as WiFi installation and digitalized energy monitoring systems to supervise the comfort level of the 17 social housing units.

Banc d’innovacions

Kloosiv

Kloosiv, technology and social intervention to ensure social inclusion in access to housing

Kloosiv is a web platform that promotes social inclusion in housing to combat speculation and unwanted loneliness.
STOP

STOP, artificial intelligence to prevent suicide

STOP és un projecte de recerca per prevenir el suïcidi a través d’intel·ligència artificial aplicada a les xarxes socials
Imatges Posts Web 64 min 2

NaviLens, a code system that guides individuals with visual impairments in public spaces

NaviLens is a code system with relevant information about public spaces to increase the autonomy of people with visual impairments.
Mentegram

Mentegram, therapeutic monitoring of patients in mental health treatment

Mentegram is a tool that allows evaluating and monitoring the daily behavior of individuals in therapeutic treatment.
Pycipedia

Pycipedia, collaborative platform for social workers specialized in parenting with intellectual disabilities

Pycipedia is a web platform for social workers specialized in supporting parents with intellectual disabilities.
Mapathon

Mapathon UPC, a web platform that gathers geolocated points on a map

Mapathon UPC is an open web platform that allows for the collection of geolocated points on a map collaboratively.